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Structural Barriers: Persistent employment discrimination and occupational segregation

• Economic Policy Institute (EPI), Wilson / 2024: Labor Market Disparities and Systemic Discrimination Against Men of Color
• Brookings Institution, Broady et al. / 2025: Occupational Segregation and the Wage Gap for Minority Youth

Mobility: Reduced intergenerational mobility compared to majority-group peers

• Opportunity Insights, Chetty et al. / 2024: Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective
• National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Derenoncourt / 2025: The Racial Wealth Gap and Intergenerational Mobility for Boys of Color

Why it matters: Economic exclusion reinforces gendered expectations tied to dominance, risk-taking, and reliance on informal labor

• Urban Institute, Turner / 2024: The Impact of Structural Economic Exclusion on Young Men of Color
• Journal of Urban Affairs, Smith & Lee / 2025: Masculinity, Informal Economies, and the Consequences of Systemic Marginalization