===== Economic Marginalization =====

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**Structural Barriers: Persistent employment discrimination and occupational segregation**
  * Economic Policy Institute (EPI), Wilson / 2024: [[https://www.epi.org/research/race-and-ethnicity/|Labor Market Disparities and Systemic Discrimination Against Men of Color]]
  * Brookings Institution, Broady et al. / 2025: [[https://www.brookings.edu/topic/economic-equity/|Occupational Segregation and the Wage Gap for Minority Youth]]

**Mobility: Reduced intergenerational mobility compared to majority-group peers**
  * Opportunity Insights, Chetty et al. / 2024: [[https://opportunityinsights.org/paper/race/|Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective]]
  * National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Derenoncourt / 2025: [[https://www.nber.org/papers/|The Racial Wealth Gap and Intergenerational Mobility for Boys of Color]]

**Why it matters: Economic exclusion reinforces gendered expectations tied to dominance, risk-taking, and reliance on informal labor**
  * Urban Institute, Turner / 2024: [[https://www.urban.org/research-area/structural-racism|The Impact of Structural Economic Exclusion on Young Men of Color]]
  * Journal of Urban Affairs, Smith & Lee / 2025: [[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/juaf20/current|Masculinity, Informal Economies, and the Consequences of Systemic Marginalization]]